UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM
CURRENT REPORT
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| Item 7.01 | Regulation FD Disclosure. |
On January 9, 2023, Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. (the “Company”), delivered an updated corporate presentation furnished to this report as Exhibit 99.1 as part of the 41st Annual J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference (the “Conference”) in San Francisco. During the course of the Conference, the Company will be conducting meetings with investors.
The information under this Item 7.01, including Exhibit 99.1 hereto, is being furnished herewith and shall not be deemed “filed” for the purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall such information be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.
| Item 9.01. | Financial Statements and Exhibits. |
(d) Exhibits
| Exhibit No. |
Description | |
| 99.1 | Slide Presentation, dated January 9, 2023 (furnished herewith) | |
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) | |
SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.
| Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. | ||||||
| Date: January 9, 2023 | By: | /s/ Ivana Magovčević-Liebisch | ||||
| Ivana Magovčević-Liebisch | ||||||
| President and Chief Executive Officer | ||||||
Vigil Neuroscience Ivana Magovčević-Liebisch, PhD, JD President & Chief Executive Officer JP Morgan Healthcare Conference January 9, 2023 © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved. Exhibit 99.1
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This presentation contains “forward-looking statements,” which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the federal securities laws, including the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any statements that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Such statements may contain words such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “prepare,” “look,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “possible,” “continue,” “ongoing” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable words. These forward-looking statements include, among others, statements relating to: our plans to deliver precision-based therapies to improve the lives of patients and their families and to target a broad range of neurodegenerative diseases; plans to discover and develop novel therapeutics to leverage microglial biology, such as VGL101 and small molecules active against TREM2, and to enable success in ALSP in clinical development; beliefs about TREM2 agonism’s importance in Alzheimer’s disease; beliefs about the profiles and potential, including the commercial potential, of our pipeline and the strength of our intellectual property position; our analyses and beliefs about data, including pathology and disease biomarkers and the signaling, engagement and potency as an agonism of TREM2 in microglia; plans and upcoming milestones, including estimated timelines, for our pipeline program development activities and pipeline expansion opportunities; expected timing and next steps regarding data announcement, clinical trial activities and regulatory filings and approvals; expectations regarding our ability to develop and advance our current and future product candidates and discovery programs; and the belief that we are well-positioned to execute on our mission. These forward‐looking statements, which are only predictions, involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control and are based on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding our business. As such, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements because such risks and uncertainties could cause actual results, performance or achievement to differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those predicted in our forward-looking statements include, among others, risks and uncertainties related to product development, including delays or challenges that may arise in the development and regulatory approval of our current and future product candidates or programs; uncertainties as to the availability and timing of results and data from preclinical and clinical studies; the timing of our ability to submit and obtain regulatory clearance for investigational new drug applications and initiate additional clinical trials; our ability to initiate and complete our current and expected clinical trials; our ability to establish and maintain collaborations, strategic relationships and supply arrangements, or that we will not realize the intended benefits from such relationships or arrangements; whether our cash resources will be sufficient to fund our foreseeable and unforeseeable operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements; our ability to raise additional funding on favorable terms, or at all; the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of our product candidates; the ability and willingness of our third-party collaborators to continue research and development activities relating to our product candidates; the accuracy of our data analyses or estimates for the potential and market for our products; our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to protect our intellectual property and to conduct activities for the development and commercialization of our candidates in view of third party intellectual property positions; our financial performance; our ability to retain and recruit key personnel, as well as the potential contribution of our employees and board to our growth and success as a Company; developments and projections relating to our competitors or our industry; the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, including mitigation efforts and economic impacts, on any of the foregoing or other aspects of our business operations, including our preclinical studies and clinical trials; changes in general economic conditions and global instability, in particular economic conditions in the markets on which we or our suppliers operate; changes in laws and regulations; and those risks and uncertainties identified in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including under the heading “Risk Factors” in our most-recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and such other risks and uncertainties that may be described in subsequent filings we may make with the SEC. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events or performance, or as a representation or warranty (express or implied) by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, on such specified terms, or at all. Although our management believes that the expectations reflected in our statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, performance or events and circumstances described in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date such statements are made. New risks and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible to predict all risks and uncertainties. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise. Certain information contained in this presentation relates to or is based on studies, publications, surveys and other data obtained from third-party sources and the Company's own internal estimates and research. While we believe these third-party sources to be reliable as of the date of this presentation, we have not independently verified, and we make no representation as to the adequacy, fairness, accuracy or completeness of any information obtained from third-party sources. 2 © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Vigil Neuroscience Vigil Neuroscience is a clinical-stage microglia-focused therapeutics company Our purpose: to treat rare and common neurodegenerative diseases by restoring the vigilance of microglia, the brain’s sentinel immune cells We are utilizing the tools of modern neuroscience drug development across multiple therapeutic modalities as we seek to deliver precision-based therapies to improve the lives of patients and their families © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Vigil’s Mission: Restoring Microglial Vigilance to Create Disease-Modifying Treatments for Neurodegenerative Diseases Discovering and developing novel therapeutics designed to leverage microglial biology breakthroughs that activate and restore microglial function Precision-based development strategy first in rare microgliopathies with plans to advance into larger patient populations First product candidates target microglial receptor protein TREM2 Evaluating new microglial targets and indications IPO in January 2022 Raised ~$315M to-date © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Vigil’s Precision Medicine Strategy to Target Broad Range of Neurodegenerative Diseases First Indication Rare Microgliopathy (ALSP) Data Driven Expansion in Other Rare Microgliopathies Pipeline Candidates for Genetically Defined Subpopulations in Common Indications Further Expansion into Broader Populations in Common Indications Apply learnings from genetically defined subpopulations to larger indications ALSP: Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Vigil TREM2 Agonists: Differentiated Strategy & Multiple Modalities TREM2 mAb in Development for ALSP: VGL101 Small Molecule TREM2 Agonist in Development for Larger Indications The ONLY targeted drug candidate in development for ALSP The ONLY TREM2 small molecule agonist in development Vigil Neuroscience © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Our Pipeline Vigil Has Exclusive Rights to All Programs Discovery Preclinical Phase 1 Alzheimer’s Disease VGL101 Healthy Volunteer SAD & MAD Phase 1 Trial (interim data announced)* Healthy Volunteer IND-Enabling Studies Small Molecule TREM2 Agonist Program Phase 2 Preclinical PoC Evaluation Other Leukodystrophies *SAD: single ascending dose; MAD: multiple ascending dose; Phase 1 completed dosing and interim analysis for certain cohorts ** Additional observational Natural History Study , ILLUMINATE, in ALSP is ongoing (NCT05020743) ALSP** Phase 2 Proof-of-Concept Trial © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
VGL101 – Antibody TREM2 Agonist for Treatment of ALSP ALSP: Adult-onset Leukoencephalopathy with Axonal Spheroids and Pigmented Glia © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved. VGL101 is an investigational therapy and has not been reviewed or approved by any regulatory authority
VGL101 – Human mAb Agonist of TREM2 with a Compelling Profile High TREM2 selectivity; induces microglial genes with sub-nanomolar potency Preclinical proof of concept in human iPSC derived microglia Favorable safety & tolerability profile with linear, dose proportional PK in HVs Dose dependent, robust & durable CNS target engagement in HVs Established manufacturing competency, strong IP position, and obtained ODD & FTD mAb: monoclonal antibody; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cells; PK: pharmacokinetics; HVs: healthy volunteers; ODD: Orphan Drug Designation; FTD: Fast Track Designation © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Rationale for ALSP as Initial Indication for VGL101 Vigil’s VGL101 program is the first and only drug candidate in development in this indication with engagement of patient and scientific community Opportunity to be first to achieve human PoC with a TREM2 agonist Orphan, under-recognized autosomal dominant disorder with prevalence feasible for clinical development and potential commercialization TREM2 agonism rescues CSF1R deficiency in vitro due to the convergence of these 2 microglial receptors on a common signaling pathway ALSP Genetically-defined Precision Medicine Population Strategic path to PoC and BLA Translatable Therapeutic Hypothesis with in vitro evidence Favorable Competitive Environment © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Compelling Preclinical Data for VGL101 PoM in ALSP (A) VGL101 Rescued CSF1R Inhibition of Microglia (B) VGL101 Preserved Microglia Morphology Despite CSF1R Ligand Withdrawal Withdrawal Media No Treatment Control Media IgG Control VGL101 VGL101 Rescue via TREM2 Agonism (A) iPSC-derived microglia grown in media treated with control (Vehicle), CSF1R inhibitor alone (PLX5622), CSF1R inhibitor plus immunoglobulin G control (PLX5622+IgG), or CSF1R inhibitor plus VGL101 (PLX5622+VGL101) were measured for microglia viability compared to Vehicle (Microglia Viability (% of Vehicle)), ****: p<0.0001; (B) iPSC-derived microglia grown in media containing CSF1 and IL-34 (Control Media) and media depleted of CSF1 and IL-34 (Withdrawal Media) with no treatment, IgG control and VGL101 were evaluated for microglia morphology – white arrowheads indicate rod-like morphology of pharmacologically rescued microglia. CSF1R Deficiency in ALSP A B C D E Microglia Deficit in White Matter Regions, Cerebellum, & Cortex IBA-1 Microglia Staining ALPS white matter Control White Matter Control Grey Matter ALSP Grey Matter ALSP White Matter Kempthorne et al. Acta Neuropathologica. 2020; A: superficial white matter (WM); B: deep WM; C: cerebellar WM; D: cortical layers VI, V & VI; E: cortical layers I, II & III © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved. PoM: proof-of-mechanism
Proof of target engagement and pharmacological activity in healthy volunteers 1st antibody to report durability of TREM2 engagement in a clinical setting Summary of Interim Topline VGL101 Phase 1 Data in Healthy Volunteers* *As of October 7, 2022, and includes doses up to 40 mg/kg SAD and 20 mg/kg MAD First-in-human Phase 1 SAD/MAD trial exploring safety, tolerability, PK & PD Favorable safety & tolerability profile demonstrated Human PK linearity/predictability & long half-life supports monthly dosing ü ü ü ü Phase 1 data support VGL101 20 mg/kg as a pharmacologically active dose Phase 2 IGNITE PoC trial in ALSP ongoing © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
First Natural History Study in ALSP The Illuminate Study Designed to Support Clinical Success in ALSP Ongoing first-ever natural history study of ALSP patients with CSF1R gene mutation Sample size up to 36 subjects globally Objectives: Characterize biomarkers & clinical measures of disease progression in ALSP Possibility for contemporaneous external comparator arm Observation period: 24 months Key assessments include MRI, CSF biomarkers & clinical assessments at baseline & every 6/12 -month interval 37 yr | Female | Symptomatic ALSP MoCA at baseline / 6 mos: 15 / 9 Radiographic Progression Measurable at Month 6 © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved. MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Greater Disease Progression for Symptomatic vs Prodromal Participants at 6 Months 6-month volumetric MRI findings Disease Progression Greater Disease Progression Based on Greater Reductions in Brain Tissue Volume & Greater Increases in Lesion & Ventricular Volume Disease Progression 3 -3 -6 -9 Frontal Parietal Corpus Callosum 0 % Change in Brain Tissue Volume from Baseline Brain Regions 20 10 5 0 White matter lesion Ventricle 15 % Change in Brain Tissue Volume from Baseline Brain Regions © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved. Prodromal (9) Symptomatic (7) Prodromal (9) Symptomatic (8/91) 1. No. of symptomatic participants – 8 for frontal/parietal/corpus callosum; 9 for ventricle
Fluid Biomarker Baseline Levels Altered in ALSP Individuals sTREM2 sTREM2 Levels Comparable between Prodromal/Symptomatic & Healthy sCSF1R sCSF1R Levels Reduced in Prodromal/Symptomatic vs Healthy NfL NfL Levels Increased in Symptomatic Reflecting Active Neurodegeneration CSF Serum Healthy: healthy volunteers from Vigil’s VGL101 Phase 1 trial; Prodromal: participants with confirmed CSF1R mutation and MRI findings in Vigil’s Natural History Study (NCT05020743); Symptomatic: subjects with CSF1R mutations and ALSP symptoms in Vigil’s Natural History Study; no. of samples for all CSF analyses: 25 (Healthy); 3 (Prodromal); 6 (Symptomatic); No. of samples for serum analysis: 67 (Healthy); 10 (Prodromal); 11 (Symptomatic); all biomarker values are in mean + standard error of mean (SEM) CSF sTREM2 (pg/ml) Healthy Prodromal Symptomatic 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 CSF sCSF1R (pg/ml) Healthy Prodromal Symptomatic X104 12 0 8 4 16 NfL-CSF (pg/ml) Healthy Prodromal Symptomatic 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 10000 NfL-serum (pg/ml) Healthy Prodromal Symptomatic 120 90 60 30 0 © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
VGL101 ALSP Phase 2 Open-label Proof-of-Concept Trial Design Screening VGL101 (12 months, IV administration) Follow up Study Population Patients with symptomatic ALSP related to CSF1R gene mutation Study Design Open-label, up to 15 patients Treatment Duration 12 months (with opportunity for further extension), monthly IV administration Outcome Assessments Safety and tolerability of VGL101 MRI-based assessment of brain volume and white matter lesions CSF biomarkers for neurodegeneration and target engagement Clinical outcome measures and PK Primary Analysis at 6 months (all subjects) Final Analysis at 12 months (all subjects) Interim Analysis at 6 months (n=6) © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
U.S. adult onset leukodystrophies: ~16,500 (incidence)1 ; ~99,000 (prevalence)2 1. Incidence: ~5/100K; 2. Prevalence: ~300/1M U.S. ALSP*: ~1,000-2,000 (incidence); ~10,000 (prevalence) *~10% of all adult-onset leukodystrophies3 Potentially significant U.S. commercial opportunity EU27+UK prevalence: ~15,0004; Japan prevalence: ~4,0004 ALSP – Significant Commercial Potential for VGL101 1. Sassi et al Neurobiol Aging 2018; 2. Ahmed et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 2014; 3. Lynch et al. Neurogenetics 2015; 4. Assumes same prevalence as U.S. © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Small Molecule TREM2 Agonist Program for Alzheimer’s Disease © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
MoA & Structural Biology Depth High Free Drug Concentration in Brain Highly Potent & Selective for TREM2 First-in-Class Small Molecule (SM) TREM2 Agonist Program © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved. Small Molecule Program Grounded in Deep Foundational Understanding Large Safety Margins in Pilot Tox Studies PK Supports Daily Oral Dosing Broad IP Estate World-class R&D platform has produced lead compounds with highly favorable profile & unique MoA Comparable in vivo potency to mAbs with superior brain penetration & oral dosing SM agonists are molecular glues that potentiate the TREM2 signaling response to natural ligands
Human microglia potency, TREM2 CV (WT): <5 nM TREM2 KO microglia potency: >3,000 nM First-in-class pharmacology Highly potent & selective agonist profile Precision fit-for-purpose SMs retain agonist profile across key TREM2 genetic variants TREM2 Variant Highly Potent Common Variant R R47H R R62H R H157Y R T96K R Precision AD Rationale SM Agonists Demonstrated On-Target TREM2 Activation Across Common & Rare TREM2 Variants Left – Human iPSC derived microglia were cultured and stimulated by varying nanomolar (nM) concentrations of a Vigil small molecule (SM) TREM2 agonist. To measure the impact of TREM2 activation, the half-maximal induction (EC50) of phosphorylated SYK (pSYK) was quantified by AlphaLISA and expressed as % increase relative to DMSO negative control (Neg Ctl). Right – To determine TREM2 specificity, pSYK was quantified in wild-type vs TREM2 KO human microglia, validating on-target signaling activation. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells transiently were co-transfected with DAP12 and TREM2 genetic variants (Common Variant, R47H, R62H, T96M and H157Y) and then stimulated with various concentrations of a highly-potent Vigil small molecule TREM2 agonist. To measure TREM2 activation potency, the half-maximal concentration (EC50) for induction of phosphorylated SYK (pSYK) was quantified for each. Check marks indicate EC50 <5 nM averaged across experimental replicates. TREM2 Signaling Activation (%pSYK induction vs TREM2WT DMSO) TREM2 Wild-type TREM2 Knockout SM TREM2 Agonist Neg CTL (DMSO) 300 250 200 100 150 0 50 © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
First-in-class mechanism Vigil’s SMs act as molecular glue Sensitizing TREM2 in microglia Vigil’s SMs potentiate TREM2 response to damage-associated ligands SM Agonists: Molecular Glue Potentiating TREM2 Response to Natural TREM2 Ligand Co-Stimulation Co-Stimulation Co-Stimulation Control TREM2 Ligand Vigil SM TREM2 Activation Maximal TREM2 response profile Co-Stimulation SM TREM2 Agonist (Concentration, nM) 31 2 0.5 0 nM Decreasing concentrations of SM agonist (Right panel) Cultured human iPSC derived microglia were co-stimulated with varying nanomolar concentrations (nM, x-axis) of a brain-extracted sulfoglycolipid TREM2 ligand, Sulfatide, in the absence (pink) or presence of varying levels of Vigil small molecule (SM) TREM2 agonist (cyan curves). To quantify SM potentiation of TREM2 signaling, data were normalized to and expressed as the % of maximal pSYK level induced by Sulfatide stimulation in the absence of TREM2 SM agonism (0 nM set as 100%). © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
© Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved. Vigil’s oral SM TREM2 glue resembles IV mAb TREM2 agonist signature in AD mouse model Enhances protective microglial signature Vigil Small Molecule Response (Log2 fold-change vs control) TREM2 Antibody Response (Log2 fold-change vs control) SM Agonists Recapitulate TREM2 mAb Effects in AD Mouse Model Adult transgenic 5xFAD mice engineered to co-express human TREM2 were dosed either orally with Vigil Small Molecule TREM2 agonist or intravenously with a TREM2 agonist monoclonal antibody in the context of amyloid plaque burden. Additional mice were dosed with negative controls to determine the relative gene expression changes (Log2 fold-change) in brain associated with TREM2 activation. Subsequently, individual gene expression responses were X-Y plotted and correlated between each modality.5xFAD Alzheimer’s mouse model: APP Swedish (K670N, M671L), Florida (I716V), and London (V717I) plus PSEN1 (M146L and L286V) ~ _
© Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved. Path to Phase 1 target engagement SM TREM2 agonist reduced sTREM2 levels (vs baseline) in CSF of NHP Path Forward to Clinical Translation for SM TREM2 Agonist Cynomolgus Macaque Non-Human Primates (NHPs) In vivo CNS target-engagement profiling post-oral dosing of SM TREM2 Agonist
Select population with microglia dysfunction & increased PoS for development Identify genetically-defined AD sub-populations with microglia dysfunction Initiate Phase 2 in AD with Small Molecule Vigil’s SM TREM2 Agonists – Clear Path to AD Clinical Development R High-quality chemistry Highly potent & selective molecules R First-in-class innovation Molecular glue potentiating TREM2 natural ligands R Translation to AD models On-target biology and potentiation with disease state R Path to clinical translation NHP CSF target engagement biomarker IND Submission & Initiate Phase 1 2H 2023 Conduct comparative biomarker studies in HV & AD subpopulations Enabling precision medicine approach in AD © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Corporate Overview © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Long-term Strategy: Microglial Function Implicated in Multiple Neurodegenerative Diseases cALD: Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy; MLD: Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, AD: Alzheimer’s Disease, FTD: Frontotemporal Dementia; MS: Multiple Sclerosis; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Prevalence estimates for U.S. *Lennox-Gastaut & Dravet Syndromes (i.e., rare epilepsies) ALSP ~10K cALD ~3-4K Krabbe ~1K MLD ~4-5K AD ~6M FTD ~60K MS ~1M PD ~1M Epilepsy* ~70K ALS ~30K Microglial Function Current areas of interest Future opportunities © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
2022 – 2023 Achieved & Anticipated Milestones Report full data analysis for Phase 1 clinical trial with VGL101 in healthy volunteers Submit IND and initiate clinical development for small molecule TREM2 agonist 2H 2023 HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL Report VGL101 six-month interim data from Phase 2 proof of concept in ALSP 2H 2023 Initiate Phase 2 clinical trial with VGL101 in ALSP Q4 2022 ü 2H 2023 © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
Vigil is Well-positioned to Execute on Our Mission Our vision is a brighter tomorrow for people with devastating neurodegenerative diseases Microglial biology is rapidly becoming a new frontier for CNS drug discovery TREM2 deficiency leads to microglial dysfunction and drives neurodegeneration We are an experienced and passionate team of innovators © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.
THANK YOU VIGILANT FOR YOU is a registered trademark of Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. VIGIL, VIGIL NEUROSCIENCE, VIGIL NEURO, and the VIGIL NEURO, ILLUMINATE and IGNITE logos are trademarks of Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. © Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. 2023 All rights reserved.